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A complete blood count (CBC) gives important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood, especially red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. This panel of tests looks for many illnesses, including anemia, infections, and leukemia, in your blood.
 The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) test checks your blood for 14 different substances. It checks the balance of chemicals in your body and your metabolism, which is how your body turns food into energy. CMP is used to check how well organs are working and find diseases like diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease. The CMP may also be ordered to keep an eye on conditions like high blood pressure and to check on people who are taking medicine for any side effects that might affect the kidneys or liver.
 A CMP checks your blood for the following things:
 A CMP also measures four electrolytes. Electrolytes are minerals that, when dissolved in a liquid, carry an electric charge. These electrolytes in your blood control how your nerves and muscles work. They also keep your blood’s acid-base balance (pH balance) and water balance in check.
A CMP also checks for the three enzymes below in the liver. Enzymes are substances that speed up the way that some body processes work.
What does a complete metabolic panel do?
With a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), you can find out a lot about your health as a whole. With 14 different measurements, it can check a number of body processes and functions, such as:
Why do I need a comprehensive metabolic panel?
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) can be helpful in a number of situations, especially if you have signs of problems with your kidneys, liver, or metabolism. If you have a general symptom, like feeling tired, a CMP measures several important parts of your blood and can help find or rule out some causes of a common symptom.
What’s the difference between a basic metabolic panel and a full metabolic panel?
A basic metabolic panel (BMP) has eight of the 14 tests in a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). The liver enzyme and protein tests are not part of a BMP. Depending on your health history and needs, your doctor may have you go through a CMP or a BMP.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is something that the liver makes when there is inflammation.  It can be caused by a lot of different things, like arthritis, cancer, an infection, etc. .  High CRP levels can also mean that your heart’s arteries have inflammation, which can make you more likely to have a heart attack.
The CRP test is very broad, though, and does not pinpoint the cause of the inflammation; it just measures the presence of it. Â
It’s important to know that a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is a little different from a regular C-reaction protein test. Â The regular C-reactive test measures high levels of protein, which can help find diseases that cause inflammation. The hs-CRP test measures lower levels of protein, which are still high, and can show the risk of heart disease and stroke.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believes that the following are major risk factors for heart disease.
The DHEA-sulfate test measures the amount of DHEA-sulfate in the blood. DHEA-sulfate is a weak male hormone (androgen) produced by the adrenal gland in both men and women. DHEA plays a fundamental role in hormone balance, as well as supporting one’s immune function, energy, mood, and maintenance of muscle and bone mass. Since orally administered DHEA is mostly converted to DHEA-S, coupled with the fact that DHEA-S levels are more stable in the blood than DHEA, measurement of DHEA-S is preferable to DHEA.
The amount of the hormone estradiol in your blood is called an estradiol test or E2 test. Â 17 beta-estradiol is another name for the hormone estradiol. Estradiol is made by the ovaries, breasts, and adrenal glands. Estradiol is also made by the placenta while a woman is pregnant.
Estradiol helps the vagina, breasts, fallopian tubes, and uterus, which are all parts of a woman’s sex organs, grow and develop.
Estradiol helps control how fat is spread out in a woman’s body. It’s also important for the bones and joints of women.
Even though both men and women have estradiol in their bodies, men have less of it than women do. In men, estradiol is made by the adrenal glands and testes. In the lab, it has been shown that estradiol keeps sperm cells from dying, but it may not be as important for men’s sexual function and development as it is for women.
You might want to get an estradiol test if:
Most of the time, an estradiol test isn’t enough to make a diagnosis on its own. But the results of this test could help you or your doctor decide if you need more tests.
The amount of estradiol in a woman’s body can also change throughout the day and with her menstrual cycle. So, your doctor may want to test your blood at a certain time of day or during a certain part of your cycle. Conditions like anemia, high blood pressure, kidney disease, and decreased liver function can change the amount of estradiol in the body.
Estradiol test results
Mayo Medical Laboratories says that normal levels of the hormone estradiol (E2) for women who are having their periods are between 15 and 350 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). Normal levels for women who have been through menopause should be less than 10 pg/mL.
Estradiol levels that are higher than normal could mean:Â
If your estradiol levels are lower than normal, it could mean:
Talk with your doctor or get help if you feel you need assistance or have abnormalities.Â
Free T3 (free triiodothyronine) is used to evaluate thyroid function and also in the assessment of abnormal binding protein disorders. Â Measurement of Free T3 is valuable in confirming the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, when an elevated free or total thyroxine level is found. Abnormal total and free triiodothyronine concentrations may appear in T3Â toxicosis, in the presence of normal thyroxine levels. The levels of free T3Â are unaffected by carrier protein variation.
Free (Thyroxine) T4 can sometimes be indicated when binding globulin (TBG) problems are perceived, or when conventional test results appear inconsistent with clinical observations. It is common in subjects with high thyroxine-binding globulin hormone binding who are euthyroid (ie, free thyroxine should be normal in non-thyroidal diseases). It should appear normal in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone that synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction.
Glucose, Serum test for both high blood glucose(hyperglycemia) and low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), help diagnose diabetes, and to monitor glucose levels in persons with diabetes.
The hemoglobin A1c test tells you how much average sugar has been in your blood over the past 2 to 3 months. It is also called HbA1c, the glycated hemoglobin test, and glycohemoglobin.Â
This test is kind of like a baseball player’s batting average for the season. One game doesn’t tell you how well a player is doing over the course of their career, and one day’s test results don’t show you how well your body is working as a whole. But because this test is often used to find out if someone has diabetes, people with diabetes need to check this number often to make sure their levels stay in the normal range. It can tell you if you need to change your diabetes medicines or the way you control your blood sugar.
How the Test Works:
Red blood cells have a protein called hemoglobin. It’s what makes your blood red, and its job is to carry oxygen all over your body.
Glucose is the name for the sugar in your blood. When glucose builds up in your blood, it sticks to the hemoglobin in your red blood cells. The A1c test is used to find out how much glucose is bound.
Since red blood cells only live for about 3 months, the test shows how much glucose has been in your blood on average over the past 3 months.
If your glucose levels have been high for the past few weeks, your hemoglobin A1c test will be higher.
Your levels can go down with a combination of diet, exercise, getting rid of toxins, and medicine.
Every 3 months, people with diabetes should get an A1c test to make sure their blood sugar is in the right range. If you have good control of your diabetes, you may be able to go longer between blood tests, but experts say you should still check at least twice a year.
If you have a disease that affects your hemoglobin, like anemia, this test may give you misleading information. Some supplements, high cholesterol, kidney disease, and liver disease are other things that can impact the results of the hemoglobin A1c test.
Homocysteine is an amino acid that is produced by the body by chemically altering adenosine. It may be used to evaluate heart function, vitamin B levels, folate levels, renal (kidney) function or enzyme activities, and those with a history of heart disease or stroke.
High homocysteine levels can directly damage the delicate endothelial cells that line the inside of arteries, resulting in vascular inflammation, arterial plaque rupture, and blood clot formation.
Symptoms that qualify a patient to have a homocysteine test include but are not limited to:
Individuals who have recently experienced a stroke or heart attack may want this test to assess risk of cardiovascular disease, inflammation, or disorder.
Lipid Panel with LDL: HDL Ratio is used to evaluate a person’s cholesterol levels. This test includes HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and, VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The ratio can help a person further evaluate their risk for heart disease. Typically, a higher ratio indicates a lower risk. This test requires fasting 12-14 hours prior to blood collection.
Progesterone is a female hormone produced by the ovaries during ovulation. A progesterone test measures the amount of the hormone progesterone in a blood sample and to helps determine the cause of infertility in women. It is used to determine whether or not a woman has ovulated, when ovulation occurred, or to monitor the success of induced ovulation. An imbalance between progesterone and estrogen is linked to weight gain, insomnia, anxiety, depression, migraine, cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and osteoporosis.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland and its primary role is to help initiate and maintain breast milk production in pregnant and nursing women. A prolactin test measures the level of the hormone prolactin, which is made by the pituitary gland in your blood. The test is typically ordered to diagnose galactorrhea, or abnormal lactation, but can also be useful in the diagnosis of headaches and visual disturbances.
T3Â Total (Triiodothyronine) is needed in patients who have clinical evidence for hyperthyroidism, in whom the usual thyroid profile result is reported as normal or borderline. The T3 Total test is recommended for patients with supraventricular tachycardia, for patients with fatigue and weight loss not otherwise explained, or for patients with proximal myopathy who also have T4Â levels that are not elevated.
Testosterone is a steroid hormone (androgen) produced by special endocrine tissue in the male testicles. It is also produced by the adrenal glands in both males and females and, in small amounts, by the ovaries in females. This test measures the level of testosterone in the blood and includes both Free Direct and Total Testosterone results. Testosterone helps maintain a woman’s libido, bone and muscle mass, cardiovascular health, mood, and sense of well-being. Testosterone in conjunction with estrogen is crucial in minimizing hot flashes, sleep disturbances, night sweats, and vaginal dryness.
The Thyroid function test is helpful in the evaluation of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, used with thyroxine (T4) or equivalent to provide free T4 index (FTI). An indirect measure of binding protein, the T3 uptake reflects available binding sites (ie, reflects TBG). T3 uptake is not a measurement of serum T3. It should never be used alone; rather, its usual application is use with thyroxine (T4).
How does a urinalysis work?
A urinalysis, which is also called a urine test, looks at the color, smell, and microscopic structure of your urine (pee). It can include a number of tests that use a single sample of urine to find and measure different chemicals in your urine.
Urinalysis is often used to check for or keep an eye on liver disease, kidney disease, diabetes, and urinary tract infections, as well as to diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs).
What kinds of tests are done on a urine sample?
In general, a doctor or lab worker can look at a urinalysis urine sample for the following general things:
First, a health care provider will look at how a sample of urine looks to the “naked eye.” They look to see if it’s clear or cloudy and if it’s light yellow, dark yellow, or a different color. Â Normal urine is usually some shade of yellow. It can be clear or pale yellow, or it can be a deep amber color, depending on how concentrated or watery your urine is.
Some medicines and supplements you take, as well as some foods you eat, like beets, can change the color of your urine. But a disease can also be shown by urine that is a strange color. For example, if there is blood in your urine, it will be red. This can be a sign of a disease or damage to a part of your urinary system.
Cloudy urine doesn’t always mean that the urine isn’t healthy. For instance, sperm and skin cells don’t hurt you, but they can make your urine look cloudy. Other things, like red blood cells, white blood cells, and bacteria, can also make your urine cloudy. This could be a sign of a number of health problems, such as:
Protein urine test: A protein urine test looks for proteins in your urine, like albumin. Higher-than-normal protein levels in the urine could be a sign of heart failure, kidney problems, or even being dehydrated.
The acid-base (pH) level in your urine is measured by a urine pH test. A high urine pH could mean that you have kidney problems or a urinary tract infection (UTI). A low urine pH could be a sign of ketoacidosis or diarrhea, both of which can be caused by diabetes.
Ketones are found in your urine when your body breaks down fats and fatty acids to use as fuel. This is most likely to happen if your body doesn’t get enough sugar or carbs to use as fuel.
Glucose urine test: This test checks how much sugar (glucose) is in your urine. Glucose shouldn’t be in your urine under normal circumstances, so if it is, it could be a sign of diabetes or gestational diabetes.
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is found in bile, a fluid made by your liver. It can be found in your urine. If you have bilirubin in your urine, it could mean that something is wrong with your liver or bile ducts.
Nitrite urine test: A urinary tract infection can be shown by a positive result on a nitrite test (UTI). But not all bacteria can change nitrate (a normal part of urine) into nitrite, so you can still have a UTI even if a nitrite test comes back negative.
Leukocyte esterase urine test: Most white blood cells have an enzyme called leukocyte esterase. If this test comes back positive, it could mean that there is inflammation in your kidneys or urinary tract. Most of the time, white blood cells in urine are caused by a bacterial infection in the urinary tract (UTI).
A specific gravity test for urine: A specific gravity test shows how much of each chemical in your urine there is. Abnormal results could mean a number of different health problems.
Urine microscopic findings
A lab worker may look at a sample of urine through a microscope to find tiny things in the urine, such as:
Red blood cell (RBC) urine test: If you have a lot of RBCs in your urine, that means you have blood in it. But this test can’t find out where the blood came from. For example, blood from hemorrhoids or bleeding in the vaginal area can’t be told apart from a bleed in the urinary system. Red blood cells in your urine that are higher than normal may be a sign of problems with your bladder, kidneys, or urinary tract.
Urine test for white blood cells (WBC): If you have a lot of WBCs or a positive test for leukocyte esterase, it could mean that you have an infection or inflammation in your urinary tract.
Epithelial cells are the cells that cover the inside and outside of your body, as well as the inside of body cavities and hollow organs. Epithelial cells line your urinary tract. Some epithelial cells in your urine are normal, but if there are a lot of them, it could mean you have an infection, inflammation, or cancer in your urinary tract.
Bacteria, yeast, and parasites: Bacteria can sometimes get into your urethra and urinary tract and cause an infection (UTI). Bacteria, yeast, and parasites can also get into the urine sample, especially if the person has a vagina. People with a yeast infection in their vaginal area may have yeast in their sample. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that can sometimes be found in the urine of women. It’s what causes trichomoniasis, an STD.
Casts of urine: Casts are small pieces that look like tubes and can sometimes be found in your urine. They are made from the protein that your kidney cells give off. Some types of casts may be a sign of a problem with the kidneys, while others are perfectly normal.
How are urinalysis and a urine culture different?
In order to diagnose urinary tract infections and other infections, bacteria from a urine sample are grown in a lab. Normal urinalysis tests don’t look at urine cultures. Like a urinalysis, a urine culture sample must be taken using the clean catch method or by putting a catheter through the urethra into the bladder.
If your urinalysis shows that you may have a UTI, your doctor may order a urine culture, which is a test that a lab will run on the urine sample you gave for the first urinalysis. With a urine culture, the type of bacteria that caused the UTI can be found out.
Vitamin D-25 Hydroxy is ordered when an individual has low calcium and/or symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. This can appear as bone weakness/softness, or fractures in adults, or as rickets (bone malformation) in children.
The vitamin D test is for individuals at high risk of deficiency. It is used to monitor diseases that interfere with fat absorption. These diseases include cystic fibrosis or Crohn disease. This test also monitors the effectiveness of Vitamin D-25 Hydroxy, calcium, magnesium or phosphorus supplementation.
Individuals at risk of vitamin D deficiency include: older adults, individuals who have limited exposure to sunlight, individuals who are obese, or who have fat malabsorption.
Low levels of D-25 hydroxy are one of the earliest changes that show in individuals with early kidney failure. Â People with kidney disease also show low levels.
High levels of D-25 hydroxy show due to diseases that can make Vitamin D-25 Hydroxy outside of the kidneys. The two primary diseases related to this are sarcoidosis or certain lymphomas.
Long term high levels of vitamin D can eventually lead to the damage of certain organs such as the kidneys and blood vessels via calcification. Â If magnesium levels are low, a physician may supplement both magnesium and calcium in order to eliminate a low calcium level that is resistant to Vitamin D-25 Hydroxy.
